Meter

Meter is the grouping of beat patterns. Certain beats are stressed more than others in music and this causes the beats to fall into perceptible patterns. These patterns almost always come in twos or threes.

Fundamental Meter Groupings:

These meters are the most basic meters. Almost all of the other meters are some combination of these two.

• Duple: [1 - 2], [1 - 2], [1 - 2], [1 - 2], etc.

• Triple: [1 - 2 - 3], [1 - 2 - 3], [1 - 2 - 3], [1 - 2 - 3], etc.

Other Meters:

• [1 - 2 - 3 - 4], [1 - 2 - 3 - 4], [1 - 2 - 3 - 4], etc.

• [1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6], [1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6], etc.

• [1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5], [1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5], etc.

• Many other meters are possible.

Meter, Beat and Tempo:

The Beat and Meter can change depending upon Tempo. For example, in a slow tempo a meter of [123] is usually a group of three beats. In a fast tempo the beat is felt as: [1], [1], [1], etc.

Duration of Notes And Rest, Dotted Notes, Ties and Beamed Notes

Duration is how long a note or rest is to be played. Notes and rests have fractional durations.

A Half-note is half as long as a Whole-note, a Quarter-note is a quarter as long as a Whole-note and half as long as a Half-note, and so forth. Each duration will have its own symbol.

Note Durations:

Rests work the same way, just with different symbols.

-

Rest Durations:

Dotted Notes:

A Dot after a note indicates an elongation of the note by one-half. For example, if a Half-note has a Dot this tells us that the duration is: Half-note + Quarter-note.

Beamed notes:

Eighth, Sixteenth, Thirty-second, Sixty-fourth, and One Hundred Twenty-Eighth-notes will usually be beamed together when they are in groups.

Tied Notes:

Ties connect the durations of different notes together. In the following example a Whole-note is tied to a Quarter-note. The duration then becomes: Whole-note + Quarter-note. (Another way to think of it is: the length of four Quarter-notes + one Quarter-note).

Time Signatures

Time Signatures tell us what the meter is and what note values comprise the beat. Time signatures are written as two numbers, with one number above the other.

The top number tells us how many beats there are in a measure; this is also the meter. The bottom number tells us what note values comprise the beat.

In the above example the top number is 3: This tells us that there are 3 beats in a measure. The bottom number tells us that the quarter-note gets the beat.

The Keyboard

The Keyboard is arranged so that the pitch goes left to right, low to high. The keys on keyboard instruments are arranged in a reoccurring pattern. The black keys are arranged in groups of two and three between the white keys.

This pattern continues up and down the keyboard.

The note names of the white keys are:

This key pattern repeats on the keyboard so that the note names of the white keys keep repeating: CDEFGAB-CDEFGAB-CDEFGAB and so on.

Sharps and Flats:

If we take a white key, D for example, and we go up (to the right) to the adjacent black key we are now on the note D-sharp. If we go down (to the left) to the adjacent black key from D we end up on the note D-flat. This is how we determine the names of the black keys and therefore all black keys will be a sharp or flat note.

You may have noticed that black keys can have more than one note name. For example C-sharp and D-flat are on the same black key but which name we should use depends upon context, such as the Key Signature.

Half-steps and Whole-steps:

A Half-step is the distance of two adjacent notes, such as D to D-sharp, E to F, or A-flat to G. (A half-step is also known as a minor second.)

A Whole-step is the distance of two Half-steps, such as C to D, E to F-sharp, or B-flat to A-flat. (A whole-step is also known as a Major second.)

Sharps, Flats, Naturals, and Enharmonic Notes

When a Sharp or Flat is added to a note it raises or lowers the note by a Half-step. For example, if we have the note C and we add a sharp to it the note now becomes C-sharp. If we have the note E and we add a flat to it the note now becomes E-flat.

Here are some examples of sharps and flats on the staff:

Naturals are notes without sharps or flats: C, D, E, F, G, A, and B. For example the note D can be called D-natural because it has no sharp or flat.

Here are the natural notes:

Natural notes sometimes have their own symbol attached to them:

Enharmonic notes:

Enharmonic notes are notes that have the same pitch but have different note spellings. For example, F-sharp and G-flat are enharmonic notes, as are C-flat and B-natural.

Repeat Signs

Repeat Signs tell us to repeat a certain section of music during performance. A Repeat Sign looks like a double bar with two dots by it.

In the above music you see the repeat sign after the music. This tells us to repeat all of the music you have just played. When you encounter the repeat sign the second time you ignore the repeat sign and keep playing. Sometimes there are instructions to repeat more than once.

Sometimes only part of the music is to be repeated. For this a backwards repeat sign is used in addition to a regular repeat sign. To play the following music:

1. Play measures one through three.
2. Go back to measure two and play measures two and three.
3. If there is music beyond the repeat then go on to that music.

Measures and Bar Lines

Measures are groupings of notes, usually grouped by meter. Bar Lines show us where one measure ends and another begins.

There are different types of Bar Lines, each with a different function

A Single Bar Line is the normal Bar Line, it tells us where the measures are:

A Double Bar Line shows there is there is a major change in the music, such as a new musical section or new time signature:

A "Final" Double Bar Line shows that the piece of music is over:

Musical Dynamics

Musical Dynamics indicate the loudness of music. We use the Italian terms piano and forte to indicate soft and loud. They are usually abbreviated p and f.

We can also add the word mezzo (m) to p and f to create mp (mezzo-piano) and mf (mezzo-forte). Mezzo-piano (mp) is moderately soft and mezzo-forte (mf) is moderately loud.

More than one p or f indicates a softer or louder dynamic, such as pp or fff.

List of Dynamics:

• fff ---- louder than ff
• ff ----- fortissimo ------ louder than f
• f ------ forte -------------- loudly
• mf --- mezzo-forte ------ moderately loud
• mp -- mezzo-piano ----- moderately soft
• p ----- piano -------------- softly
• pp --- pianissimo ------ softer than p
• ppp - softer than pp

Key and Key Signatures

Key Signatures tell us what notes are sharp or flat in a scale. When we say we are in the Key of F Major we are saying that we are using the notes of the F Major scale. The Key Signature for the Key of F Major would be one flat, because there is one flat in the F Major scale.

Any single Key Signature symbol will identify both a Major and (Natural) Minor scale, for example C Major and A (natural) Minor have the same Key Signature symbol.

Examples of Key Signatures:

Tme Signatures

Time Signatures tell us what the meter is and what note values comprise the beat. Time signatures are written as two numbers, with one number above the other.

The top number tells us how many beats there are in a measure; this is also the meter. The bottom number tells us what note values comprise the beat.

In the above example the top number is 3: This tells us that there are 3 beats in a measure. The bottom number tells us that the quarter-note gets the beat.

Duration of Notes and Rest, Dotted Notes, Ties and Beamed Notes

Duration is how long a note or rest is to be played. Notes and rests have fractional durations.

A Half-note is half as long as a Whole-note, a Quarter-note is a quarter as long as a Whole-note and half as long as a Half-note, and so forth. Each duration will have its own symbol.

Note Durations:

Rests work the same way, just with different symbols.

-

Rest Durations:

Dotted Notes:

A Dot after a note indicates an elongation of the note by one-half. For example, if a Half-note has a Dot this tells us that the duration is: Half-note + Quarter-note.

Beamed notes:

Eighth, Sixteenth, Thirty-second, Sixty-fourth, and One Hundred Twenty-Eighth-notes will usually be beamed together when they are in groups.

Tied Notes:

Ties connect the durations of different notes together. In the following example a Whole-note is tied to a Quarter-note. The duration then becomes: Whole-note + Quarter-note. (Another way to think of it is: the length of four Quarter-notes + one Quarter-note).

Alto and Tenor Clef

Alto and Tenor Clef

(You might want to read about the Staff before you read about the Alto and Tenor Clefs.)

The Alto and Tenor Clefs have two curves that meet in the center. The line on the staff where these curves meet is the note C. These clefs are also called C Clefs for this reason.

The Alto Clef is positioned on the middle line. This line becomes the note C. (This note is also Middle C.)

The note names in Alto Clef are:

Tenor Clef is very similar to Alto Clef but the main difference is that the Tenor Clef is positioned on the second line from the top whereas Alto Clef is positioned on the middle line. In Tenor Clef the second line from the top becomes the note C. (This is also Middle C, just like in Alto Clef.) The note names in Tenor Clef are:

The Staff, Treble Clef and Bass Clef

Music is most commonly notated using the Staff (and tablature.) The staff consists of five horizontal lines on which musical notes lie. The lines and the spaces between the lines represent different pitches. Lower pitches are lower on the staff and higher pitches are higher on the staff.With the blank staff we can't yet tell what notes to play. We use Clefs to tell us which notes correspond to which lines or spaces. The most common clefs are the Treble Clef (also known as the G Clef) and the Bass Clef (or F Clef).

The Treble Clef spirals around the second line from the bottom. This spiral tells us that notes on this line are G.

From here we can figure out the other note names simply by going forward or backward through the musical alphabet: A,B,C,D,E,F,G.

If we need more notes above or below the staff we add Ledger Lines, which extend the range of the staff. (Middle C is the first ledger line below the staff in Treble Clef.)

The Bass Clef has two dots, above and below the second line from the top. The dots tell us that this line is F.

The note names in Bass Clef are:

Middle C is the first ledger line above the staff in Bass Clef.

Photo

My Son " Muhammad Fadhil Ramadhan"

Anakku yang sangat kucintai...Buah hatiku ini lahir di Bogor tanggal 25 September 2007....melalui Operasi Cesar, Alhamdulillah semuanya berjalan Lancar selama Operasi, Sang Ibu Neni Triana SKM dan Ayah Muhammad Ruslan, Sangat berbahagia,terharu ketika tangisan pertama kali muncul lewat suara ketika selesai operasi..Alhamdulillah Yaa Allah Engkau telah memberikan amanah berupa seorang putera yang begitu cakap, Alhamdulillah.....Yaa Allah semoga Engkau berikan kekuatan iman dan ketaqwaan bagi keluarga dan keturunan kami, jadikanlah kami selalu ingat kepada-Mu, banyak bersyukur dan selalu taat mengabdi kepada-Mu.Limpahkanlah selalu kesejahteraan dan kebahagian hidup dunia akhirat.Amien yaa Rabb.